Hybrid zones have recently received increasing attention, and several hybrid sterility genes have been identified, e.g., in house mouse Mus musculus musculus × Mus musculus domesticus hybrids and in fruit flies Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura × Drosophila pseudoobscura bogotana. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The study was supported by the project PRVOUK P31/2012 from the Charles University in Prague.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: Accepted: JPublished: July 27, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Heneberg et al. PLoS ONE 11(7):Įditor: Bi-Song Yue, Sichuan University, CHINA (2016) Conservation of the Red Kite Milvus milvus (Aves: Accipitriformes) Is Not Affected by the Establishment of a Broad Hybrid Zone with the Black Kite Milvus migrans migrans in Central Europe. milvus re-introduction programs.Ĭitation: Heneberg P, Dolinay M, Matušík H, Pfeiffer T, Nachtigall W, Bizos J, et al. milvus is clearly subject to free intraspecific gene flow, which has direct implications when considering the origin of individuals in M. It remains to be investigated by genomic methods whether occasional gene flow occurs through the paternal line, as the examined Myc gene displayed only marginal divergence between M. We did not find mitochondrial DNA of one species in individuals with the plumage of the other species, except in F1 hybrids, which agrees with Haldane´s Rule. Few haplotypes displayed statistically significant aggregation in one region over another. We found that populations of both examined species were characterized by a high gene flow within populations, with all of the major haplotypes distributed across the entire examined area. In agreement with previous studies, we found low heterozygosity in M. migrans and 3 F1 hybrid individuals collected across central Europe. Here, we analyzed the mitochondrial ( CO1 and CytB) and nuclear ( Myc) DNA loci of 184 M. migrans hybrid offspring have been found, F2 and F3 hybrids have only rarely been reported, with low nesting success rates of F1 hybrids and partial hybrid sterility likely playing a role. The species was in decline until the 1970s due to persecution and has declined again since the 1990s due to ingestion of rodenticide-treated baits, illegal poisoning and changes in agricultural practices, particularly in its core range. milvus is endemic to the western Palearctic and has an estimated total population of 20–24,000 breeding pairs. ![]() We went to see them at Gigrin Farm, near Rhayader in Wales where between 200 and 400 kites visit per day They are open every day, and the feeding birds come really close to you.Among Accipitriformes sensu stricto, only a few species have been reported to form hybrid zones these include the red kite Milvus milvus and black kite Milvus migrans migrans. ![]() It is made of dead twigs and lined with grass and sheep’s wool. The nest is built high in a fork or a limb of a tree. Each nesting territory can contain up to five alternative nest sites. Red Kites occupy their breeding home range all year. ![]() You can see that the birds are not rooks but kites because of the more slender wings, and their forked tail. From a distance the nests look like rookeries, including the swirling pattern of the birds. They nests in trees, and in winter, many kites will roost together. The mother will, at signs of danger call the young who will "play dead" to the extent that a fox will believe them to be dead and leave them, thinking it can return to eat them later. Their diet is mainly from scavenging on carrion, scraps, and they will sometimes take small live prey. The red Kite was almost extinct and has now been successfully re-introduced to England and Scotland. ![]() The Red Kite is a graceful bird of prey and is unmistakable with its reddish-brown body, angled wings and deeply forked tail.
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